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India’s Foreign Policy & Diplomacy in 2025: Key Updates & Global Strategy

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  • Foundational Principles
    India’s foreign policy continues to be anchored in the dual ethos of “Bharat First” and “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam,” balancing national interest with global cooperation. Strategic autonomy, non-alignment, and economic diplomacy remain central pillars of its international engagement.
  • Geopolitical Balancing & Key Relationships
    India maintains a multi-aligned posture, strengthening ties across diverse blocs without committing to any single power. The strategic focus remains on managing relations with the U.S., China, and Russia, alongside neighboring countries and major global alliances.
  • U.S.–India Relations: Mounting Tensions
    While early 2025 saw optimism with the launch of “Mission 500” to boost bilateral trade to $500 billion by 2030 and a new 10-year defense framework, tensions escalated later in the year. The U.S. imposed 50% tariffs on Indian exports, citing India’s continued oil trade with Russia. India responded firmly, condemning the move and refusing to compromise on its sovereignty.
  • Russia: Strategic & Security Ties Strengthening
    India continues to deepen its defense and counterterrorism collaboration with Russia. A high-profile visit by President Putin is expected, signaling further expansion of strategic ties.
  • China & Border Stability
    India and China reached a border patrol agreement in late 2024, restoring patrol routines in contested areas. By mid-2025, direct flights resumed and tourist visas for Chinese citizens were reissued. Defense ministers from both sides have reiterated their commitment to de-escalation and trust-building.
  • Africa & Maritime Diplomacy
    India launched its first Africa-India Key Maritime Engagement (AIKEYME) naval exercise in April 2025, co-hosted with Tanzania and involving ten nations. This initiative boosts maritime cooperation and expands India’s outreach in the Indian Ocean region.
  • Neighbourhood & Regional Engagement
    The “Neighbourhood First” policy remains a cornerstone of India’s regional diplomacy. In 2024–25, India extended credit lines and aid to countries like Sri Lanka and leveraged platforms like the G20 to reinforce its regional leadership. With Gulf nations, India has strengthened energy and investment ties, including a landmark treaty with the UAE.
  • Emphasis on Self-Reliance
    Foreign Minister Jaishankar emphasized the importance of an “Atmanirbharta” mindset—self-reliance—as a strategic tool to navigate global turbulence and realize the vision of a developed India.
  • Border Security & Counterterrorism
    India has adopted a firm stance on cross-border terrorism. Initiatives like Operation Sindoor and the deployment of drones and AI-based fencing reflect a shift toward security-driven diplomacy. This marks a departure from earlier idealistic approaches to a more assertive foreign policy.
  • Strategic Outreach Beyond Core Partners
    India is being encouraged to deepen ties with countries like Germany and Japan to leverage technological and strategic strengths amid shifting global dynamics.

    Summary Table

    DomainKey Highlights
    Strategic PrinciplesBharat First, Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam, autonomy
    U.S. RelationsFrom high-profile agreements to high tariffs
    Russia EngagementStrong defense & intelligence ties; Putin’s visit
    China EngagementBorder pact, resumed flights & visas
    Africa DiplomacyAIKEYME naval exercise launched
    Regional InfluenceNeighbourhood First, GCC energy & trade partnerships
    Self-RelianceAtmanirbharta as policy cornerstone
    Security FocusAnti-terror operations, defense-led diplomacy
    Global OutreachPush towards partnerships with Germany & Japan

    • Sachin Jangir

    Recommended for IMA 160 & NDA 152 (AIR 128)

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