R2R SSB BATCHES STARTING FROM 20TH JUNE. Referred articles were published in The Hindu.

• Background:
  • The article discusses recent aviation incidents in India, particularly the Air India flight AI1171 incident in Ahmedabad on June 12, 2025, where an aircraft veered off the runway.
  • This incident is one of several aviation mishaps in India that have raised concerns about air safety and the overall health of the aviation sector.
  • Past incidents, including those involving Boeing 787 Dreamliners, have led to scrutiny of regulatory bodies like the DGCA and the AAI.
• The Situation Now:
  • The AI1171 incident involved the aircraft veering off the runway due to issues related to braking and steering, which are still under investigation.
  • The preliminary report from the Digital Voice Recorder (DVDR) and Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR) indicates several pilot errors and system malfunctions contributed to the incident.
  • The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) of the U.S. and the Air Accidents Investigation Branch of the U.K. are assisting in the investigation, highlighting the international nature of aviation safety.
  • Concerns are raised about "runway excursions" and "hot spots" on runways, which could contribute to incidents.
  • The article notes that while authorities attribute incidents to pilot error, there's a need to investigate systemic failures.
  • CCTV footage from Mumbai Airport shows incidents of ground staff operating carelessly.
  • The monsoon season exacerbates risks due to poor visibility and bird activity near airports.
• Way Forward:
  • A thorough investigation of all aviation incidents is crucial to identify both immediate and underlying causes.
  • Implementing corrective measures, including improving pilot training, air traffic control, and ground operations.
  • Investing in upgraded infrastructure at airports, particularly runway conditions and bird control measures.
  • Ensuring accountability at all levels, from pilots to regulatory bodies, to restore public trust in air travel.
  • The article emphasizes that transparency in investigations and timely public dissemination of findings are essential.
  • Lessons learned from incidents should lead to policy changes that prevent future mishaps and ensure the highest safety standards in air travel.

• Background:
  • India's existing pension system faces challenges in providing adequate social security to its large population, particularly those in the informal sector.
  • Many informal workers lack access to formal retirement savings and face financial vulnerability in old age.
  • The Economic Survey 2025-26 indicates that public pension assets are a small percentage of GDP compared to advanced economies.
• The Situation Now:
  • India's position in the Global Pension Index declined significantly, indicating deficiencies in its pension system.
  • The informal labor force constitutes almost 85% of the country's GDP, and a large portion of them are not covered by any formal pension scheme.
  • The current pension schemes, like the National Pension System (NPS) and Atal Pension Yojana (APY), have limited adoption among informal workers.
  • Issues like scalability, sustainability, and ease of contribution hinder wider participation in existing schemes.
  • India faces a demographic shift towards an aging population by 2047, which will increase the need for robust pension provisions.
  • China, despite being a major EV manufacturer, is not performing well in its pension system compared to India.
• Way Forward:
  • India needs a three-tiered pension system that includes a universal, flat-rate basic pension for all citizens (especially those over 65), occupational pensions (mandatory or opt-out), and voluntary pension savings.
  • The new system should be harmonized and transparent, with incentives for participation.
  • Educational attainment, health and survival rates, and increased transparency in pension funds can significantly enhance public participation and trust.
  • The government should explore policies that encourage voluntary participation in pension schemes and improve financial literacy, especially at the grassroots level.
  • Investment in infrastructure and facilities to ensure easy access to pension services is crucial.
  • The goal is to design an inclusive, sustainable, and adequately funded pension system that covers all citizens, especially those in the informal sector, to ensure financial security in old age.

• Background:
  • The article discusses the evolution of nuclear strategy through three "nuclear ages," starting from the Cold War era.
  • The first nuclear age involved a bilateral rivalry between the U.S. and Soviet Union, with large arsenals and the concept of mutually assured destruction (MAD).
  • The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) aimed to control the spread of nuclear weapons.
• The Situation Now:
  • The second nuclear age began after the Cold War, characterized by efforts to reduce nuclear arsenals (e.g., START treaties) and integrate new nuclear powers like China.
  • The third nuclear age is emerging, marked by a shift in global power dynamics, with China's rapid nuclear expansion and the rise of new nuclear powers like Israel, India, and Pakistan.
  • The article highlights the ongoing modernization of nuclear arsenals by the U.S., Russia, and China, raising concerns about a new arms race.
  • The collapse of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty and the Open Skies Treaty has further complicated nuclear arms control.
  • There are concerns that the "third nuclear age" could be more unstable and unpredictable due to a larger number of nuclear actors and the erosion of arms control agreements.
  • The Trump administration's withdrawal from nuclear treaties contributed to this instability.
  • North Korea's continued nuclear and missile tests pose a significant threat.
• Way Forward:
  • There is an urgent need for renewed dialogue and arms control agreements to prevent a new nuclear arms race.
  • International cooperation is essential to strengthen the NPT and prevent further proliferation of nuclear weapons.
  • Nuclear powers must engage in responsible behavior and reduce strategic risks.
  • The article suggests that avoiding nuclear war requires diplomatic solutions and a focus on de-escalation.
  • The concept of "realigning realpolitik" is discussed, suggesting a need for pragmatic approaches to international relations in this complex nuclear landscape.
  • Continued efforts to reduce nuclear arsenals and enhance transparency are crucial for global security.

NEWS IN SHORTS

1. Indians in Iran Told to Leave City

Due to the escalating Israeli-Iran conflict, the Indian Embassy in Tehran has advised Indian nationals and Persons of Indian Origin (PIOs) to use their "own vehicles" to move to safer locations outside the city. Helplines have been established for assistance. Iran has fired more missiles after Israeli attacks, and while President Trump stated he "won't kill Iran's Supreme Leader," tensions remain high. Meanwhile, Indian nationals are also facing challenges in Israel.

2. Will Highlight Global South at G7 Meet: PM

Prime Minister Narendra Modi will highlight the priorities of the Global South at the G7 Outreach Summit in Canada. He is expected to participate in four bilateral meetings with leaders from Germany, Canada, Ukraine, and Italy. Modi's discussions will focus on global issues, including the escalating Israeli-Iran and Russia-Ukraine conflicts. He also conveyed support for a negotiated settlement in Cyprus during his recent visit.

3. Air India Cancels 16 Flights; DGCA Finds No Major Safety Issues with Boeing 787s

Air India cancelled 16 flights due to technical glitches and unavailability of aircraft, with 66 Boeing 787 flights affected. The Directorate-General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) held a high-level meeting with Air India, stating that enhanced inspections of Air India's Boeing 787 fleet "did not reveal any major safety concerns." The cancellations are attributed to a combination of factors, including enhanced inspections and restrictions on Iranian airspace. The DGCA has advised Air India to mitigate delays by strengthening internal coordination and ensuring adequate spares.

4. Kerala HC Bans Single-Use Plastic in Hilly Areas, Hotels

The Kerala High Court has expressed concern over the irresponsible disposal of plastic waste and banned single-use plastic items in hilly areas and hotels starting from October 2. The ban extends to eateries, weddings, and functions hosted by government agencies. The court highlighted the serious threat posed to wild elephants by plastic waste in dumping yards. The state government is urged to take steps to prevent plastic dumping in waterbodies and promote safe drinking water kiosks.

5. India Despite Deporations and Visa Denials, Indians Stand by Trump

Despite recent deportations and visa denials for Indians by the U.S., a new survey indicates continued strong support for President Trump among Indian-Americans. The survey shows that Indians have a higher confidence in Trump to handle immigration policy and global affairs compared to other countries. This support persists despite Trump's policies, which have led to increased visa denials and stricter immigration measures. The findings reveal a complex perception of Trump among various immigrant communities.

6. Army Chief Hosts Two-Day Conclave with Predecessors

The Chief of the Army Staff, General Upendra Dwivedi, hosted a two-day interaction with his predecessors, focusing on "Operation Sindoor" and the transformation and future direction of the Army. The discussions covered leveraging institutional knowledge, operational coordination, and human resource development. Separately, the Indian envoy to Israel stated that India is working with Israel to help evacuate Indians from war-torn regions. Israel appreciates India's stance on the conflict and is looking for continued dialogue.

7. Indians Caught in Crossfire in Warzones of Iran and Israel Desperate to Return Home

Indians caught in the crossfire of the escalating Iran-Israel conflict are desperate to return home. Students and pilgrims in Iran, some from Tehran and Qom, are facing challenges with limited information and safety concerns. In Israel, Indian nationals working in construction sites are worried about missile attacks. Many describe feeling scared and express a strong desire to return to India due to the dangerous situation and lack of clear guidance on safety.

8. Home Ministry to Monitor Career Path of Ex-Agniveers

The Union Home Ministry will monitor the career path of the first batch of Agniveers who retire from military service under the Agnipath scheme. A portal will be launched to facilitate their career progression after four years of service. The government aims to ensure smooth transition and coordination with various ministries and state governments for their future careers. Ten percent of all CAPFs vacancies will be reserved for Agniveers who have completed their service.

9. India Increased Its Nuclear Warhead Count to 180 in 2024: SIPRI Report

A SIPRI report indicates that India increased its nuclear warhead count to 180 in 2024, up from 172 in January 2023. Nearly all nine nuclear-armed countries, including India and Pakistan, are upgrading and developing newer versions of their weapons. The report warns of an escalating nuclear arms race, with tensions between India and Pakistan being highlighted. Globally, the total inventory of nuclear warheads stands at 12,241, with 9,614 in military stockpiles, posing a significant risk to international security.