🇮🇳 Major Agreements & Strategic Partnerships – India’s Global Engagement (2024–2025)

Fresh SSB batches start around the 1st & 15th of every month.

🛃 Trade & Economic Agreements

• TEPA with EFTA (2024) Covers goods, services, investment, and sustainability. EFTA nations pledge US$100 billion over 15 years. Effective from October 1, 2025.
• CETA/FTA with United Kingdom (2025) Finalized in July 2025, this pact offers duty-free/reduced-duty access for Indian exports and includes digital trade provisions.
• ECTA with Australia (2022) Effective since December 2022, it reduces tariffs and boosts trade in goods and services.
• CEPA with UAE (2022) In force since May 2022, it enables low-duty access for Indian exports and strengthens ties in energy, investment, and strategic trade.

🛡 Defence & Strategic Cooperation

• India-Japan Strategic MoUs Includes Digital Partnership 2.0, clean tech, wastewater management, cultural exchange, and mineral cooperation. Japan to mobilize JPY 10 trillion in private investment. Defence ties include equipment transfer and secure military communication protocols.
• India-Russia Defence Partnership Robust cooperation with procurement and co-production of S-400s, MiG-29s, Su-30MKIs, T-90s, AK-203s, and BrahMos. Includes intelligence sharing and counterterrorism.
• India-New Zealand MoU (2025) Signed in March 2025, focuses on strengthening defence ties and regular bilateral engagement.
• India-Indonesia Defence Agreement (2018–Present) Ongoing collaboration in maritime security, cybersecurity, counter-terrorism, and joint exercises like Garuda Shakti and Samudra Shakti.

🧭 Border & Security Agreements

• India-China BDCA (2013) Signed on October 23, 2013, aims to maintain border stability and manage environmental, health, and smuggling risks along the LAC.
• India-US Foundational Defence Pacts
  • LEMOA: Mutual use of military bases and ports
  • COMCASA: Secure military communications
  • BECA: Geospatial intelligence sharing

🧠 Useful for GD, Lecturette, & Personal Interview prep.